A violencia sexual na perspectiva de alunos adolescentes e professores das escolas públicas de Feira de Santana

Abstract

Sexual violence is considered to be a worldwide public health problem that affects all social classes, independently of sex, age, religion or socio-economic context (OMS, 2002). This study had as goal to analyze the awareness of the problem and the testimony on cases of sexual violence against children and adolescents, by adolescent students aged 14 to 19 of both sexes, registered in the state public schools as well as of teachers working in the schools of Feira de Santana, Bahia in 2006. It is an epidemiologic study of cross cutting with random sampling, stratified by groups and by multiple stages (schools, students and teachers). The variables were socio-demographic, related to the awareness about the problem and the report of cases of victimization. The sampling procedure was done in two stages considering the universe of 42 schools from which 10 were chosen. In the same way, from a total of 38,352 students, 833 were chosen and of the total of 1,348 teachers, 100 were selected. Descriptive analysis as well as prevalence (P) and reason of prevalence (RP) between socio-demographic variables of students and teachers as to the various variables of the model were calculated. For the student data P and PR of awareness and case report (victim, violence, aggressor, guidance) based on sex and age were calculated. For the teachers, the same reasoning was followed using variables depending on age and time of service. The results show that over 60 % of the students were of the female sex and had incomplete secondary education and more than 80 % of the teachers were of the female sex and over 70 % of them had a post graduation. As to the awareness, the students revealed to know more about pornography, while the teachers knew the different forms of sexual violence. The behavioral changes of the victim in front of the family, more pointed out by students and teachers were isolation as well as sadness and aggressiveness and in school, low concentration and low outcome. Among the students, the female sex showed results with statistical importance compared to the male sex. Concerning the behavioral consequences, isolation (RP = 1.20) as well as sadness and aggressiveness (RP = 1.41). In the risk factors: accept a ride with strangers (RP = 1.37), use of alcohol and drugs in the family (RP = 1.39) and family conflict (RP = 1.66). With regard to the aggressor, the father stands out (RP = 1.80). In the case of the report of cases, ¼ of the sample of students and teachers said to know or have been close to a case of victimization through sexual violence, being rape the form most pointed out. The places of major occurrence were home and street, the age group of major victimization was 10 to 16 years of age, although with report of cases in children under 10 years of age. The father was quoted as the main aggressor and the intimidations most used were physical strength and verbal threatening with sequels in genitals and anus. In the RP analysis, adolescents of female sex reported more cases of victimization (RP = 1.53) with significant results: rape (RP = 2.28), revealed cases (RP = 1.70) in the age group from 10 to 16 years (RP = 1.75), home occurrence (RP = 2.40) compared to the male sex. According to students and teachers, the main denunciators were the mother and the victim him/herself. Regarding the facing of this violence by the school, the teachers quoted the importance of guidance with educational activities, identification of the clinical signs and denunciation of the cases. The main conclusions of this research were that, compared to the male sex, the female adolescents showed the highest prevalence of the awareness of the problem and the report of cases of sexual violence. Teachers (more than 70 % of the female sex) with time of service less than 15 years also showed higher rates of awareness and report of cases compared to the ones with a longer time of service. According to students and teachers, victimization occurred mainly in the early and middle adolescence under the form of rape and the father was the main aggressor. It is considered that the facing of sexual violence requires large, intersectional actions with the involvement of family, society as well as the implementation of public policies that aim the protection of childhood and adolescence.