Efeitos de antagonismo e resistência no espaço das redes digitais: as tensões subjetivas dos discursos políticos a partir do movimento #EleNão nas hashtags do Twitter

Abstract

This thesis discusses the discursive functioning of the hashtag #EleNão based on political discourses circulating on Twitter. It starts from the consideration that the circulation of the hashtag, especially in electoral contexts, allows for the construction of an antagonistic political scenario in the same space of circulation, from which it is possible to describe the modes of social division, in this case specifically related to the place assigned to women in a society marked by conservative ideologies. It investigates the displacements that ordinary users (women) produce through their participation in the formulation and circulation of political hashtags on Twitter, a space in which their political discourse becomes mediatized. The analysis begins by monitoring the circulation of the hashtag #EleNão and similar hashtags in opposition to the candidacy and subsequent presidential administration of Jair Messias Bolsonaro, some of which were part of the Trending Topics on Twitter in different periods from 2018 to 2022, which allowed the construction of materialities based on the posts and comments of these political hashtags. The observation of the women's movement based on the hashtag #EleNão takes place through the constant beat between theory-analysis-theory, from which the sections were built as theoretical-analytical spaces that make up the corpus of the research. Each theoretical-analytical section refers to a singular moment of reflection on the discursive dimension of the hashtag #EleNão, in a journey that starts by revisiting the discussions that elucidate the relationship between discourse and information technology undertaken by the French theorist Michel Pêcheux and his group of researchers - whose formulations and concepts serve as the basis for this research - and whose ultimate goal is to articulate the notions and concepts of Pêcheuxian Discourse Analysis with the development of information technology environments, more specifically with the political functioning of the #EleNão hashtag on Twitter. During the theoretical-analytical sections, the effects on the relationship between language/subject/world are analyzed based on the functioning of the digital world, seeking to bring to reflection the various possibilities for expression that the spaces made available by the internet have brought about, providing a new way of organizing collectives, taking Twitter in this research as this space of enunciation for subjects who use the political hashtag as an element of resistance. The historical struggle of women in the search for equal rights in the occupation of social and political spaces is analyzed. It addresses issues related to the space of digital social networks, the construction of subjects and meanings in the movement that is established from the encounter between profiles and people, between the streets and the screens. It therefore discusses how these profiles / bodies are constituted through digital profiles in which subjectivities are constituted online, and in the real sphere, outside of digital and sliding through the hashtag #EleNão. It is proposed that nuances of the political disputes around the Twitter hashtags #EleNão and similar, in opposition to Jair Messias Bolsonaro, and the hashtag #EleSim and similar, in support of Jair Messias Bolsonaro during the 2018 presidential elections and during his government, be taken into account, based on the mobilization of the analytical devices outlined by the corpus, namely: antagonism. Throughout this work, we have identified forms of struggle, of resistance by women to the discourses that imprison, control and restrict their bodies, sustained by ideological apparatuses that “say” what it is to be a woman. In this way, we understand the feminist discourse as the flaw that produces ruptures with the stabilized discourse that defines it under the patriarchal gaze, promoting changes, re-significations, capable of disturbing memory, producing new networks of meanings through resistance and antagonism.