Fatores associados ao trauma mamilar no primeiro mês pós-parto

Abstract

This study aimed to assess factors associated with nipple trauma in women who breastfeed, resulting in two articles. The first entitled "Factors associated with nipple trauma in lactation period: a systematic review" was based on the search of publications indexed in the databases Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online/Pubmed, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences, and ScienceDirect, with no restriction on language or publication period. As risk factors for nipple trauma were identified: mother with white or yellow race/color, primiparity, cracked nipples in previous pregnancies, mother who does not live with a partner, use of anesthesia in parturition, gestational age of the newborn between 37 to 40 weeks, presence of breastfeeding in the first hour of life, semi protrude and/or malformed nipples, malposition between mother and child, incorrect lacth of the infant in mother's breast, presence of breast engorgement, nipple pain, use of nursing bottle, use of pacifier and lactational mastitis. On the other hand, the guidance received about how to lacth and positioning the infant in the maternal breast during prenatal was considered as a protective factor against the nipple trauma. The second article entitled "Nipple fissure: study of latent variables in the first month postpartum" consisted of a cross-sectional analysis of a birth cohort, an observational and prospective character, who studied the mother-child dyad. The prevalence of cracked nipples observed in mothers who breastfeed in the first month postpartum was 35.9%. It was found among the latent variables that the unfavorable maternal emotional state (OR= 1.65; 95% CI= 1.26-2.16) and lower availability for breastfeeding (OR= 1.80; 95% CI= 1.25-2.59) were associated with cracked nipples, as well as the covariates parturition in unit that is not recognized as a Baby Friendly Hospital (OR= 1.48; 95% CI= 1.07-2.03), cesarean section (OR= 1.72; 95% CI= 1.33-2.24) inadequate positioning of the newborn during breastfeeding (OR= 3.91; 95% CI= 1.02-14.99), incorrect lacth of the infant the in the maternal breast (OR= 14.36; 95% CI= 7.80-26.46) and the presence of breast engorgement (OR= 2.74; 95% CI= 2.10-3.58). Preventive measures against the risk factors of nipple trauma are necessary to prevent this important cause of pain during breastfeeding and premature weaning.